The Technology and Innovation Report 2021 critically examines the possibility of frontier technologies such as AI, robotics and gene-editing widening existing inequalities and creating new ones. The debate about the relationship between technological change and inequalities has a long tradition in development studies. However, the broad reach, the seemingly unlimited and tight integration of these new technologies through digitalization and connectivity, and the rapid pace of technological change have put in doubt the relevance of the experiences of previous technological transformations to inform the current policy debate.

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